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(詳細はUnited States includes a large array of stakeholders that provide services through electricity generation, transmission, distribution and marketing for industrial, commercial, public and residential customers. It also includes many public institutions that regulate the sector. In 1996, there were 3,195 electric utilities in the United States, of which fewer than 1,000 were engaged in power generation. This leaves a large number of mostly smaller utilities engaged only in power distribution. There were also 65 power marketers. Of all utilities, 2,020 were publicly owned (including 10 Federal utilities), 932 were rural electric cooperatives, and 243 were investor-owned utilities.〔(Electric Trade in the United States 1996 )〕 The electricity transmission network is controlled by Independent System Operators or Regional Transmission Organizations, which are not-for-profit organizations that are obliged to provide indiscriminate access to various suppliers in order to promote competition. The four above-mentioned market segments of the U.S. electricity sector are regulated by different public institutions with some functional overlaps: The federal government sets general policies through the Department of Energy, environmental policy through the Environmental Protection Agency and consumer protection policy through the Federal Trade Commission. The safety of nuclear power plants is overseen by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Economic regulation of the distribution segment is a state responsibility, usually carried out through Public Utilities Commissions; the inter-state transmission segment is regulated by the federal government through the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Principal sources of US electricity in 2014 were: coal (39%), natural gas (27%), nuclear (19%), Hydro (6%), and other renewables (7%). Over the decade 2004—2014, the largest increases in electrical generation came from natural gas (2014 generation was 412 billion kWh greater than 2004), wind (increase of 168 billion kWh) and solar (increased 18 billion kWh). Over the same decade, annual generation from coal decreased 393 billion kWh, and from petroleum decreased 90 billion kWh.〔US EIA, (Electricity Net Generation ), March 2015.〕 In 2008 the average electricity tariff in the U.S. was 9.82 Cents/kilowatt-hour (kWh).〔http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table5_3.html Average Retail Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers: Total by End-Use Sector〕 In 2006-07 electricity tariffs in the U.S. were higher than in Australia, Canada, France, Sweden and Finland, but lower than in Germany, Italy, Spain, and the UK.〔Power Engineering International:(GLOBAL ELECTRICITY PRICING: Ups and downs of global electricity prices )〕 Residential tariffs vary significantly between states from 6.7 Cents/kWh in West Virginia to 24.1 Cents/kWh in Hawaii. The average residential bill in 2007 was US$100/month. Most investments in the U.S. electricity sector are financed by private companies through debt and equity. However, some investments are indirectly financed by taxpayers through various subsidies ranging from tax incentives to subsidies for research and development, feed-in tariffs for renewable energy and support to low-income households to pay their electric bills. == Electricity consumption == Electricity consumption data in this section is based upon data mined from US DOE Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 2013 files〔"Electric Power Annual"() retrieved 2015-4-14〕 In 2013 the total US consumption of electric energy was 4113 Terawatt hours (TWh) (or million mWh or billion kWh). This is broken down as: * Residential customers (127.89 million) directly consumed 1,394.9 Terawatt hours or 33.91% of the total. This was up 1.48% from 2012. An average residential customer used 909 kWh/ month and with the average US commercial cost of $0.1212/kWh the average monthly electrical bill would be $110.17. * Commercial customers (17.78 million) directly consumed 1,344.2 Terawatt hours or 32.68% of the total. This was up 1.29% from 2012. . An average commercial customer used 6300 kWh/month and with the average US commercial electric cost of $0.1028/kWh the average monthly electrical bill would be $647.66. * Industrial customers (744 thousand) directly consumed 978.35 Terawatt hours or 23.79% of the total. This was essentially the same as in 2012 (-0.07%) * Transportation customers (75) directly consumed 7.63 Terawatt hours or 0.19% of the total. This was up 4.24% from 2012. * System loss throughout the total electrical grid infrastructure by direct use of the suppliers (143 TWh) and for transmission and other system losses and for unaccounted for loads (244 TWh) amounts to 387.9 TWh or 9.43% of the total which is down 3.11% from 2012. Thus, one could say that the US electric distribution system is 90.57% efficient and efficiency has improved over the last year. Electricity consumption per person (per capita) is based upon data mined from US DOE Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 2013 files〔" Electric Power Annual"()〕 Population 〔"Demographics"(2013 Population ) retrieved 2015-4-11〕 data is from Demographics of the United States. Per capita consumption in 2013 is 13,010 kilowatt hours. This is down 0.3% from 2012 and down 4.3% from a decade ago and down 6.3% from its peak in 2007. The following table shows the yearly US per capita consumption by fuel source from 1999 to 2013. # Gas includes Natural Gas and Other Gases. # Solar includes Photovoltaics and Thermal. # Misc includes Misc generation, Pumped storage, and Net imports. # Bio Other includes Waste, Landfill Gas, and Other. # Hydro excludes pumped storage (not an energy source, used by all sources, ''other than hydro''). # Total includes Net imports 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Electricity sector of the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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